Mortgage loans are financial loans taken for real estate properties that the borrower has to repay with interest within a fixed period of time. A mortgage loan requires some sort of security for the lender. This security is called the collateral and in most cases, it is the real estate property itself for which the mortgage loan has been taken. Since the property itself is kept as the collateral, no further security is needed.

The person who lends the mortgage loan is called the mortgagee, while the person who borrows the loan is called the mortgagor. The mortgagee and mortgagor are bound by the mortgage loan agreement. The agreement entitles the mortgagor to receive a financial loan from the mortgagee. The promissory note in the agreement secures the mortgagee, which entitles them to the collateral and a promise made by the mortgagor to repay the mortgage loan in due time. In the USA, the typical period for a mortgage loan may be 10, 15, 20 or 30 years.

There are two fundamental types of mortgage loans in the USA – fixed-rate mortgages and adjustable-rate mortgages. Fixed-rate mortgages have interest rates that are locked for the life of the mortgage, while adjustable-rate mortgages have interest rates that may go up or down according to some market index. Hence, fixed-rate mortgages provide security to the mortgagor, while adjustable-rate mortgages provide security to the mortgagee. If there are dues on monthly payments, then they are added together and constitute a balloon mortgage loan.

The process of buying a loan is called originating the loan. This is done between the mortgagor and the mortgagee, sometimes involving a mortgage broker. The broker charges a commission on every loan originated, which is collected from either the mortgagor or the mortgagee. A broker’s involvement increases the cost of the entire mortgage.

Mortgage loans below 80% of the entire property value need added security for the mortgagee. This is done in the form of insurance policies, called mortgage insurance. The premiums of mortgage insurance policies are passed on to the borrower in their monthly payments. However, if the mortgagor makes at least 20% of the down payment, then the mortgage insurance may be waived.

In the US, there are several types of mortgages available. The most important mortgages are those which are originated by the Federal Housing Administration. These very popular loans are called Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae loans. Fannie Mae mortgages are the most popular types of mortgage loans in the USA.

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Reference:

1. ^ Coke, Edward. Commentaries on the Laws of England. “[I]f he doth not pay, then the Land which is put in pledge upon condition for the payment of the money, is taken from him for ever, and so dead to him upon condition, &c. And if he doth pay the money, then the pledge is dead as to the Tenant”
2. ^ Sonia Kolesnikov-Jessop (January 29, 2009). “Bali’s cash property market keeps prices up”. International Herald-Tribune. Retrieved 2009-01-30. “‘In Bali, there are no mortgages available, so everyone who owns a house here has paid cash for it,’ said Nils Wetterlind, managing director of Tropical Homes, a real estate developer and brokerage based on the island.”
3. ^ FTC. Mortgage Servicing: Making Sure Your Payments Count.
4. ^ “Who Needs Mortgage Loan Insurance?”. Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
5. ^ Are Mortgage Assumptions a Good Deal?. Mortgage Professor.
6. ^ Cortesi GR. (2003). Mastering Real Estate Principles. p. 371
7. ^ Homes: Slow-market savings – the ‘buy-down’. CNN Money.
8. ^ ^a b , p. 46
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} Congressional Budget Office (2010). Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Role in the Secondary Mortgage Market. p. 49.
10. ^ ^a b International Monetary Fund (2004). World Economic Outlook: September 2004: The Global Demographic Transition. pp. 81-83. ISBN 9781589064065.
11. ^ Covered Bond Outstanding 2007
12. ^ FDIC Policy Statement on Covered Bonds
13. ^ Housing Finance Review: analysis and proposals. HM Treasury, March 2008
14. ^ “Denmark offers a model mortgage market”
15. ^ Reliefs: Alternative property finance

An endowment mortgage, in theory, is supposed to lower your mortgage payment. Ideally, endowment mortgages are much cheaper than standard mortgage policies such as repayment mortgages. When you get an endowment mortgage, you pay only the interest on the amount borrowed. In addition to this, you pay an addition small sum into a policy that is supposed to be ever-increasing: the endowment policy. This policy is supposed to grow and grow, and at the end of the mortgage term you use this money to pay off your capital.

“The customer pays only the interest on the capital borrowed, thus saving money with respect to an ordinary repayment loan; the borrower instead makes payments to an endowment policy. The objective is that the investment made through the endowment policy will be sufficient to repay the mortgage at the end of the term and possibly create a cash surplus.”

- Endowment Mortgages, Wikipedia, June 2006

Endowment mortgage is actually not a legal term. This type of mortgage policy was popular in the 1980s, especially in the UK, but natural fiscal problems and stock market lows made many of these policies practically worthless. An endowment mortgage is always going to be hit or miss. When they work, they really work well. When they don’t work…then, things aren’t so great.

“With an endowment mortgage, the borrower only pays the monthly interest to the lender while investing an additional monthly sum into a policy that is usually invested in equities. The theory is that this “endowment policy” should grow sufficiently, with long-term share price rises, over the course of the mortgage (usually 25 years) that the capital debt can be repaid at the end of the term.”
- Q & A: Endowment Mortgages, Business Times Online, June 2006

And If Things Go Wrong With My Endowment Mortgage?
“With an endowment policy, you lay yourself open to the vagaries of the stock market and the competence of the policy manger. You must also closely monitor the performance of your policy to make sure you are contributing enough.”
- Q & A: Endowment Mortgages, Business Times Online, June 2006

Let’s say, for instance, that you get an endowment mortgage. This type of mortgage has been getting more and more attention recently, and some consumers are starting to think it might just be a good idea again. So you get an endowment mortgage and start paying off your interest regularly. With equal regularity, you deposit a certain amount of dollars into your endowment policy. Only, the stock market doesn’t do so well. Stocks are low, the economy takes a plunge. Twenty-five years go by, and you discover that your endowment policy does not have enough in it to pay off your capital. All your interest has been paid, quite nicely, for two and a half decades, however. So, what about that capital loan that needs to be paid off?

You’d better find a way to pay it off…somehow.

“The underlying premise with endowment policies being used to repay a mortgage is that the rate of growth of the investment will exceed the rate of interest charged on the loan. Towards the end of the 1980s when endowment mortgage selling was at its peak, the anticipated growth rate for endowments policies was high (7-12% per annum). By the middle of the 1990s the change in the economy towards lower inflation made the assumptions of a few years ago looks optimistic.”
- Endowment Mortgages, Wikipedia, June 2006

“When you took out your mortgage with an endowment policy, the aim was that the policy would grow in value. However, as the value of most policies is linked to the performance of the stock market there is usually no guarantee that the policy value will be sufficient to repay the mortgage at the end of the mortgage term.”